Injury Patterns in Portuguese Under-23 and Senior Rink Hockey Athletes: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Rink Hockey is a high-intensity contact sport with growing participation in Portugal, yet epidemiological data on injuries among senior and under-23 practitioners remain scarce. This study aimed to retrospectively describe self-reported injury occurrence, injury characteristics, and potential associations with demographic and sport-related variables among Portuguese Rink Hockey athletes. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, self-reported e-survey was conducted among federated Portuguese Rink Hockey practitioners (under-23 and senior categories) during the 2024/2025 season. The questionnaire included 53 closed-ended items on sociodemographics, sport participation, equipment, training loads, and injury history. Injury prevalence, incidence rate, mean injuries per athlete, and associations were analyzed. Results: Among 181 respondents (68.5% male; age 22.3 ± 4.3 years; experience 15.8 ± 5.0 years), 89 (49.2%) reported at least one injury (mean 2.6 ± 2.7 injuries/athlete in the total sample; 3.3 ± 3.1 per injured athlete). Estimated incidence was 3.9 ± 5.9 injuries/1000 h (total sample) and 7.9 ± 6.2/1000 h (injured athletes). The knee (19.1%) was the most common injury localization, and muscular injuries (25.8%) were the most frequent type. Most injuries occurred during matches (46.0%), with contact with another player (27.0%) during offensive transition (40.4%) in areas surrounding the goal (57.3%) being the most frequently reported circumstances. Older and female athletes reported a higher injury prevalence than younger and males counterparts (66.7% vs. 33.3% [p = 0.042; ES = 0.174] and 61.4% vs. 43.5% [p = 0.026; ES = 0.166], respectively). Injury occurrence was positively associated with age (r = 0.262–0.158, p ≤ 0.05) and playing experience (r = 0.157, p ≤ 0.05). However, greater playing experience was associated with lower odds of joint injury (11–15 years: OR = 0.116, 95% CI [0.019; 0.695], p = 0.018; 16–19 years: OR = 0.116, 95% CI [0.019; 0.695], p = 0.018; and ≥20 years: OR = 0.056, 95% CI [0.006; 0.534], p = 0.012). Conclusions: Portuguese Rink Hockey practitioners exhibit a high injury burden, predominantly affecting the knee, with muscle injuries and contact/overuse mechanisms as major contributors. Age, sex, and experience were associated with injury occurrence. These findings may support the incorporation of targeted prevention strategies into multidisciplinary support teams.

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Journal
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
Published
2026-06-29
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11030260
Primary Topic
Sports injuries and prevention
Type
article
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article

Injury Patterns in Portuguese Under-23 and Senior Rink Hockey Athletes: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Maria Paula Pacheco, Rui Soles Gonçalves, Ricardo Maia Ferreira, Sofia Sacadura
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
Sports injuries and prevention
article

Injury Patterns in Portuguese Under-23 and Senior Rink Hockey Athletes: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Maria Paula Pacheco, Rui Soles Gonçalves, Ricardo Maia Ferreira, Sofia Sacadura
article en

Abstract

Background: Rink Hockey is a high-intensity contact sport with growing participation in Portugal, yet epidemiological data on injuries among senior and under-23 practitioners remain scarce. This study aimed to retrospectively describe self-reported injury occurrence, injury characteristics, and potential associations with demographic and sport-related variables among Portuguese Rink Hockey athletes. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, self-reported e-survey was conducted among federated Portuguese Rink Hockey practitioners (under-23 and senior categories) during the 2024/2025 season. The questionnaire included 53 closed-ended items on sociodemographics, sport participation, equipment, training loads, and injury history. Injury prevalence, incidence rate, mean injuries per athlete, and associations were analyzed. Results: Among 181 respondents (68.5% male; age 22.3 ± 4.3 years; experience 15.8 ± 5.0 years), 89 (49.2%) reported at least one injury (mean 2.6 ± 2.7 injuries/athlete in the total sample; 3.3 ± 3.1 per injured athlete). Estimated incidence was 3.9 ± 5.9 injuries/1000 h (total sample) and 7.9 ± 6.2/1000 h (injured athletes). The knee (19.1%) was the most common injury localization, and muscular injuries (25.8%) were the most frequent type. Most injuries occurred during matches (46.0%), with contact with another player (27.0%) during offensive transition (40.4%) in areas surrounding the goal (57.3%) being the most frequently reported circumstances. Older and female athletes reported a higher injury prevalence than younger and males counterparts (66.7% vs. 33.3% [p = 0.042; ES = 0.174] and 61.4% vs. 43.5% [p = 0.026; ES = 0.166], respectively). Injury occurrence was positively associated with age (r = 0.262–0.158, p ≤ 0.05) and playing experience (r = 0.157, p ≤ 0.05). However, greater playing experience was associated with lower odds of joint injury (11–15 years: OR = 0.116, 95% CI [0.019; 0.695], p = 0.018; 16–19 years: OR = 0.116, 95% CI [0.019; 0.695], p = 0.018; and ≥20 years: OR = 0.056, 95% CI [0.006; 0.534], p = 0.012). Conclusions: Portuguese Rink Hockey practitioners exhibit a high injury burden, predominantly affecting the knee, with muscle injuries and contact/overuse mechanisms as major contributors. Age, sex, and experience were associated with injury occurrence. These findings may support the incorporation of targeted prevention strategies into multidisciplinary support teams.

Journal of Functional Morphology and KinesiologyVol. 11(3)
Sprint (United States) (US), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra (PT), Instituto Superior da Maia (PT), University of Coimbra (PT)
Good health and well-being
Openalex Percentile: Top 7%
Sports injuries and prevention
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