Time Field Theory: Black Hole Model Without Event Horizon and Observable Predictions

This work presents a systematic investigation of black hole physics within the finalized axiomatic framework of Time Field Theory (TFT), a scalar field theory of gravitation constructed on flat 3D Euclidean spacetime. Based on the orthogonal decomposition axiom of spacetime rates, we rigorously derive the static spherically symmetric vacuum solution and demonstrate that TFT black holes possess neither strict event horizons nor geometric singularities. The Schwarzschild radius r_s = 2GM/c^2 is reinterpreted not as a causal boundary of spacetime, but as a physical boundary where the scalar time field is fully suppressed. All dynamical processes are confined to the region r \geq r_s: the mass volume integral is naturally truncated at r_s with finite density, eliminating the classical curvature singularity at its ontological source; any photon emitted at r > r_s can reach external observers within finite coordinate time, resolving the information loss paradox without violating unitary evolution. We verify the full compatibility of the TFT black hole model with all existing astronomical observations, including Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) shadow measurements, LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave detections, X-ray binary accretion observations, and stellar orbit measurements around Sgr A*. Under current measurement precision, the predictions of TFT are indistinguishable from those of General Relativity (GR). Three distinct, falsifiable observational predictions are proposed for next-generation facilities: 1. 1%–3% edge blurring of black hole shadows, testable by the next-generation EHT (ngEHT) 2. Discrete gravitational wave echoes after binary black hole ringdown, testable by future ground-based detectors such as the Einstein Telescope 3. Measurable deviation of Hawking radiation spectra from pure thermal distribution, testable by future low-frequency radio telescopes Additionally, this work introduces the Time Field Envelope Spectrum (TFES), a unifying ontological continuum that classifies photons, massive particles, and black hole horizons as different condensation states of the same time field. This unified framework dissolves the traditional matter-field dichotomy and provides a natural ontological foundation for the interface between gravitation and quantum mechanics. This paper focuses on static, non-rotating compact objects. Follow-up research will extend the TFT framework to rotating black holes and their observational imprints, providing a singularity-free, information-preserving alternative paradigm for black hole physics.