Advances in Electrospun Functional Fiber Scaffolds: From Preparation to Functional Regulation in Nerve Regeneration

ABSTRACT Nerve damage is a critical global issue, with millions of new cases reported each year. In this context, neural tissue engineering offers innovative strategies for injury repair, and electrospinning technology has attracted significant attention due to its unique ability to fabricate functional fibrous scaffolds. Compared with traditional scaffolds or two‐dimensional membranes, electrospun fibers offer distinct advantages, including a large specific surface area, precise control over pore size, and the ability to guide oriented cell growth. Despite the widespread application of electrospinning in neural regeneration, certain challenges remain, including maintaining biological activity, ensuring long‐term scaffold stability, achieving a rational match of mechanical properties, and enabling functional customization. This review provides an overview of the technical principles, performance requirements, and recent advances in electrospun fibers for neural regeneration. We also discuss how the synergistic integration of research and practice, optimization of materials and processes, and innovations in fabrication techniques can overcome current limitations and accelerate the clinical translation of neural tissue engineering.