Biochemical Effects of Antioxidant and Hormonal Agents in Skin Aging: A Review

Aging is a natural biological process that involves cellular senescence, tissue degradation, and organ function declines. Skin aging involves both intrinsic such as genetic predisposition and endocrine changes, and extrinsic factors such as solar radiation, environmental pollution, and stress factors. All these factors lead to skin aging through biochemical mechanisms and alterations in molecular pathways that include oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and hormonal alterations. Due to its historical context, anti-aging is an ever-trending research subject. Recent advances in molecular biology have further clarified the complex interactions between oxidative damage, signaling pathways, and extracellular matrix remodeling during the skin aging process. Here, mechanistic effects of antioxidant and hormone-based substances that can be used against skin aging were reviewed with particular foci were given to oxidative stress modulation, inflammatory regulation, and alterations on both collagen biosynthesis and cellular signaling. In addition, the safety profiles and potential risks associated with the long-term use of these agents are discussed based on current experimental and clinical evidence.