Impact of Sensor Technology and Virtual Production Equipment Integration on Film Model-making: Comparative Analysis of Traditional-craftsmanship-based and Virtual-reality-based Digital Workflows

The effect of integrating sensor technologies into 3D modeling in virtual production was explored by comparing it with traditional-craftsmanship-based methods.Whereas physical model-making is widely used for production design and early-stage visual effects planning, traditional methods suffer from time-intensive iterations, limited real-time visualization, and high communication costs.To address such constraints, a sensor-integrated method that combines immersive previsualization, sensor-assisted spatial calibration, and iterative refinement through real-time feedback was developed in this study.The performance characteristics of the traditional and sensor-integrated methods were compared among 30 university students on 3D modeling tasks, and both objective and subjective measures were obtained from their experiments.Objective indicators to evaluate performance included task completion time, revision count, rework frequency, spatial deviation, and camera framing consistency.Subjective outcomes were assessed using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index for workload, the system usability scale for usability, and satisfaction ratings.The results showed that the sensor-integrated method significantly reduced task completion time, revisions, and rework while improving spatial accuracy and framing consistency.The participants reported lower workload, higher usability, and greater satisfaction.The results highlight the feasibility of extending virtual production concepts into physical model-making, offering a reproducible integration framework and quantitative evaluation approach for hybrid workflows that bridge tangible craftsmanship with real-time digital visualization.The proposed workflow further demonstrates the role of digital innovation and virtual prototyping in supporting more adaptive and efficient creative production workflows within contemporary film design environments.