Exploring Nuclear Perceptions of Female Undergraduate Students: The Role of Research Reactors in Early Education

Public perception of nuclear energy plays a decisive role in shaping national energy strategies and influences the attractiveness of nuclear careers, particularly among women, who remain underrepresented in the sector. Addressing misconceptions and fostering early engagement are therefore crucial to narrow the gender gap and promote diversity in nuclear science. This study evaluates the impact of an educational intervention at the TRIGA Mark II research reactor of the University of Pavia on the perceptions of high school students (aged 18–19) from Northern Italy. The approach consolidated over the years combines a theoretical lecture on nuclear energy, safety, and applications with a guided reactor visit. A structured questionnaire, adapted from the Eurobarometer 271/Wave 66.2 on Europeans and Nuclear Safety, was administered before and after the intervention to assess changes in attitudes toward nuclear risks, safety, and future use. Results from participants revealed significant positive shifts in outlook and perceptions, particularly among female students, who initially reported higher levels of perceived risk and uncertainty. Following the intervention, the proportion of female students associating nuclear power with danger decreased by 32.6%, perceived personal risk declined by 11.7 points, and confidence in the safe operation of nuclear power plants increased by 22.3 points. Support for expanding the use of nuclear energy nearly doubled among female participants, accompanied by a marked reduction in uncertainty. These findings confirm that hands-on educational experiences at research reactors are highly effective in demystifying nuclear technology, reducing misconceptions, and building confidence. Importantly, they show particular promise in empowering female students and encouraging their engagement in nuclear science, thereby contributing to greater gender balance, innovation, and resilience in the nuclear field.