Climate Change, Vulnerability, Adaptation, Resilience, and Threat in Peru

Climate change represents one of the most critical global challenges, generating environmental, social, and economic impacts that disproportionately affect developing countries such as Peru. This study aims to analyze climate change vulnerability and resilience in Peru during the period 2005–2023, integrating climate data, evidence of glacial retreat, and the assessment of biophysical, socioeconomic, and institutional factors. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining statistical analysis of temperature and precipitation trends based on official data from SENAMHI and INEI, with a qualitative assessment of ecosystem dynamics and social vulnerability. The results show a sustained increase in temperature, with an average rate of 0.18 °C per decade, along with irregular precipitation patterns and significant regional differences. In addition, a loss of 1.9 million hectares of Amazon forest was identified, alongside high levels of socioeconomic vulnerability in Andean and Amazon regions, where poverty, agricultural dependence, and limited access to services reduce adaptive capacity. The findings confirm that climate vulnerability in Peru is multidimensional, resulting from the interaction between environmental changes and structural social inequalities. In this context, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and Community-based Adaptation (CBA) emerge as effective strategies to strengthen territorial resilience, although their implementation requires improved governance, long-term financing, and integration of local knowledge.