Materials and microsystems for stable and high-efficiency brain-computer interfaces in signal recording

Brain–computer interfaces enable high-resolution neural recording, yet chronic performance is constrained by interacting factors across materials, electrode and array architectures, and microsystem integration. This review examines how these cross-level design layers collectively shape recording stability, efficiency, and scalability. We summarize representative degradation patterns, strategies for improving long-term performance, and recent advances in integrated systems, and outline design principles for clinically scalable and reliable neural interfaces.