A phosphogypsum inventory: Regulatory frameworks and research trends for sustainable management

Phosphogypsum (PG), the primary by-product of phosphate fertilizer industry, was formerly classified as a hazardous waste, and the most common method of PG management was stacking without further treatment. Global population growth has led to a rapid increase in consumption strategies and affected the balance in global resource recovery. Within the compliance to sustainable development goals and increasing awareness to resource recovery, PG perspective was also irreversibly changed. Global phosphate industry has recognized that PG management is worth from both environmental and financial point of view. Thus, PG is accepted to be a secondary input with high revenue potential. Due to concerns regarding environmental protection, regulations have been more stringent on PG storage and disposal, directing the policies on PG management to circular economy practices. This review provides an insight into regulatory frameworks by country and latest trends on PG management strategies that would support the development of effective resource utilization.