From Spirit to structure: institutional dynamics and social transformation in Nigerian Pentecostalism, 1914–2025

This study traces the historical trajectory of Nigerian Pentecostalism from 1914 to the present through divine interventions and human agencies that have shaped the spiritual landscape of the nation. Using qualitative methodology, the study explores major revival movements: Garrick Sokari Braide’s pioneering work, 1914; Oke-Oye Revival, 1930; and the post-civil war charismatic renewal, 1970s. The study reveals a consistent pattern of spiritual awakening, institutional development, and premature decline throughout the ages and how human errors and carelessness have repeatedly truncated the visitations of God. The research shows that, within Nigeria, successive waves of transformative spiritual renewal have been characterized by patterns of initial success followed by internal conflicts, doctrinal controversies, and organizational fragmentation. Beyond the spiritual dimensions, the Pentecostal movements have so far fundamentally altered the social structures in Nigeria, where educational institutions, health facilities, housing schemes, and community development programmes are established that reshape the nation’s social landscape. This research contributes to the global influence of contemporary Nigerian Christianity while extracting practical wisdom for future revival movements through a critical examination of both successes and failures. The study demonstrates how religious movements intersect with nation-building, social transformation, and identity formation in postcolonial Nigeria.