Differential Reinforcement in Context: Prior Imprisonment as a Condition for Kin-Based Criminal Influence on Recidivism

This study examines the role of differential reinforcement (DR)—a primary mechanism of social learning theory (SLT)—within intimate family and friendship networks and its impact on recidivism. We hypothesize that kin-based DR is more consequential than friends, and that its influence has a more significant impact on men that are more deeply embedded in the correctional system. To test this, we utilized a life history calendar approach administered to a sample of 249 formerly incarcerated men in Ohio, linked with administrative records to track recidivism over a 3-year follow-up period. Cox regression models reveal a potent conditional effect: direct and anticipated reinforcement from kin networks (though not from non-kin peers) more than tripled the hazard of recidivism among individuals with one or more prior incarcerations, providing conditional support for SLT. We suggest that reentry policies should prioritize family-focused interventions to mitigate these deep-seated social influences.