Stability Analysis of Lunar Pit Slopes Considering Regolith Spatial Variability and Positional Uncertainty of the Regolith–Bedrock Boundary

Lunar pits are gaining attention as potential sites for future exploration and habitation, offering natural protection from extreme temperatures, radiation, and micrometeoroid impacts. This study examines the influence of spatial variability in lunar regolith properties and variable regolith layer geometry on slope stability around Mare Tranquillitatis Pit. A random field method was applied to probabilistically describe the spatial variability of regolith strength properties. Estimates of regolith properties variability are made by using data obtained from multiple lunar missions. The selected cross sections were used for detailed simulations assessing the effects of the coefficient of variation (COV), fluctuation scale, and stratigraphic irregularities. Results indicate a strong sensitivity of slope stability to boundary morphology and material heterogeneity, emphasizing the limited availability of statistically reliable datasets for comprehensive stochastic analysis. The findings highlight the need for more detailed physical and mechanical characterization of lunar regolith. Moreover, the applicability of probabilistic geotechnical methods for extraterrestrial environments is demonstrated, supporting future safer design and planning for lunar missions.