The effects of Okra supplementation on blood pressure, lipid profile, and inflammation in patients with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), a traditional plant rich in fiber, flavonoids, and antioxidants, has been suggested to improve glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, but clinical evidence remains inconsistent. The major objective of our review was to elucidate the impact of okra supplementation on blood pressure, lipid profile, and inflammation in patients with prediabetes, T2DM, and diabetic nephropathy. Eligible studies were identified through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus up to February 17, 2026. Pooled weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models. Ten studies were included. Okra supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (14.16 mg/dL, 95% CI: -22.39, -5.92, P < 0.001), LDL-C (-8.51 mg/dL, 95% CI: -14.92, -2.11, P = 0.009), triglycerides (-15.43 mg/dL, 95% CI: -28.67, -2.19, P = 0.022), diastolic blood pressure (-1.17 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.28 to -0.06), and CRP (-2.28 mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.70 to -1.86). No significant effects were observed for systolic blood pressure or HDL-C overall. Okra supplementation exerts beneficial effects on lipid profiles, diastolic blood pressure, and systemic inflammation in individuals with prediabetes, T2DM, and diabetic nephropathy, suggesting a potential role as an adjunctive therapy for reducing CVD risk.