Assessment of Biochemical and Hematological Changes in Chronic Kidney Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by persistent GFR decline below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or kidney damage markers, and is an irreversible condition that progresses over time. CKDs are regarded as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting 9-13% of the global population, and are anticipated to be one of the top five causes of death by 2040. High prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, poor screening, and low renal replacement capacity in low- and middle-income countries such as Pakistan extend the burden of diabetes and hypertension. The burden of diabetes and hypertension is exacerbated by its high prevalence, poor screening, and limited renal replacement capacity in low- and middle-income countries like Pakistan.