Hantavirus Disease: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Hantavirus infection is a rodent-borne zoonotic disease of considerable public health importance. The disease is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and continues to attract increasing attention because of its impact on human health and its evolving epidemiological patterns. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of hantavirus infection. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Relevant peer-reviewed articles, reviews, clinical studies, surveillance reports, and guidelines were evaluated and synthesized to provide an updated overview of the subject. This narrative review discusses the interactions among environmental factors, rodent reservoirs, and human exposure that influence disease occurrence and transmission. Key aspects of disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic considerations, and preventive measures are summarized. Current management strategies remain largely supportive, while ongoing research continues to explore novel diagnostic tools, therapeutic options, and preventive interventions. In conclusion, hantavirus infection remains an important public health concern. Continued efforts toward improved surveillance, timely diagnosis, enhanced research, and effective preventive strategies are essential for better disease control and improved patient outcomes.