Hydrogen-driven digital transactions market under carbon oracles and green transportation in energy sustainable societies under social stakeholders

The decarbonization of urban energy communities increasingly requires coordinated integration of hydrogen, electricity, heat, and mobility under market-regulated environments. This study develops a hydrogen-driven digital transactions market embedded within a clustered, integrated energy hub architecture, where digital transactions markets, such as carbon emission trading (CET) and green certificate trading (GCT) mechanisms, are endogenously incorporated into operational scheduling. The framework coordinates hydrogen-diversified utilization, dual electric-hydrogen transportation systems, multi-vector storage, and renewable generation under carbon accounting constraints and social multi-stakeholder interactions. A decentralized multi-carrier optimization model is formulated to minimize system-wide scheduling cost while integrating CET/GCT revenues directly into dispatch decisions. Uncertainties in renewable generation, demand, and electricity prices are modeled using an inexact probabilistic stochastic programming approach with scenario generation and reduction. To extend evaluation beyond economic performance, a hydrogen-centric eco-social welfare layer comprising ten normalized indicators is introduced, quantifying emission mitigation, accessibility, equity, cost relief, and public acceptance. The model is validated on a four-hub clustered configuration under baseline and stress-test scenarios, including demand surges, renewable shortfalls, hydrogen price shocks, and market price fluctuations. Results demonstrate effective coordination between hydrogen production, storage, and mobility demand, with demand-side flexibility reducing operational costs by more than 16% in selected hubs. Carbon and certificate oracles market participation improves financial performance while enhancing emission compliance. Sensitivity analysis confirms robustness under combined worst-case disturbances. The proposed framework establishes a unified operational market structure that links hydrogen diversification, digital carbon-regulated transactions, and measurable eco-social welfare within sustainable urban energy systems.