Stability and Performance Analysis of Automatic Voltage Regulator Systems Using WGC-Based PID Controllers

Variations in active and reactive power in electrical power systems can induce fluctuations in the terminal voltage, thereby adversely affecting system stability. This phenomenon primarily arises from the high sensitivity of synchronous generators to load variations and fault conditions, making voltage stability a fundamental performance metric for the reliable, efficient, and sustainable operation of power systems. In this study, the impact of controller parameters on the stability regions of automatic voltage regulation systems equipped with a Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller is investigated, and the effects of these regions on output voltage stability are comprehensively analyzed. Within this framework, a method based on stability boundary curves and the weighted geometric center approach is employed to determine the stability limits of the system for different derivative gain values, and the influence of variations in PID parameters on system behavior is investigated. The simulation results clearly demonstrate that changes in PID parameters significantly affect both the stability boundaries and the transient response characteristics of the system.