Advances and clinical potential of epigenome editing

Epigenome editing has emerged as a powerful platform to modulate gene expression in a precise and reversible manner. Recent advances have significantly improved the efficiency, specificity, and durability of epigenome editing systems, enabling fine-tuned transcriptional control. Building on these developments, epigenome editing platforms are now being explored for therapeutic applications. In this review, we summarize the evolution of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based epigenome editing technologies, highlighting key improvements in effector modules. We then discuss the disease models in which epigenome editing has been applied, including monogenic disorders, cancer, neurological diseases, and chronic diseases. These examples demonstrate the broad therapeutic promise of targeted epigenetic modulation across diverse pathological contexts. Finally, we tackle key barriers to clinical translation, including cell-type and chromatin context-specific design, in vivo delivery, and multi-gene targeting for complex disease. Collectively, this review underscores the potential of epigenome editing as a versatile platform for precision medicine.