Delirium in Clinical Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Differential Diagnosis, and Management Strategies

Abstract The multiple physiological factors can contribute to the acute illness known as delirium. Treatment is possible for this organic condition of the central nervous system, which can lead to transitory cognitive dysfunction. Clinically, patients with delirium may experience visual hallucinations and emotional agitation in addition to symptoms like disorientation, impaired consciousness, difficulty concentrating, and muddled thinking. Impaired cognitive function due to delirium can often be improved if it is identified and treated quickly. However, if left untreated, it may result in a gravely poor prognosis, including extended hospitalization and a higher mortality rate. The first step is to rule out internal and external factors, such as polypharmacy, sensory deprivation, and emotional distress, as these can contribute to delirium. Identifying and addressing the underlying problem is the main goal of treatment, as the prognosis for delirium is typically favorable when underlying physiological issues are promptly treated.