Cross-Subject Event-Related Potential Classification via Multi-View Based Contrastive Learning

BACKGROUND: Event-related potentials (ERPs) provide implicit feedback and error-correction signals that are valuable for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, models trained on source-domain subject data are vulnerable to inter-subject variability and acquisition noise, which substantially degrades generalization to unseen subjects. OBJECTIVE: We propose a multi-view contrastive learning domain generalization (MVCLDG) method to improve cross-subject generalization in ERP recognition by jointly exploiting discriminative feature extraction and domain-invariant representation learning. METHODS: MVCLDG employs a multi-view feature-extraction module that fuses raw electroencephalography with phase information derived from the Hilbert transform via multi-scale inception blocks, thereby capturing both amplitude and phase features. The model then applies domain-alignment and contrastive-learning constraints to reduce distributional discrepancy across domains, compact within-class representations, and enlarge between-class separability. The approach was evaluated on a public Error-Related Negativity (ERN) dataset and a self-collected semantic-syntactic violation dataset; performance was assessed in cross-subject settings, and ablation and visualization analyses were conducted to probe the contributions of components and neurophysiological interpretability. RESULTS: MVCLDG outperformed baseline and representative domain generalization methods in cross-subject ERP recognition without requiring additional target-domain adaptation. Ablation experiments confirmed the effectiveness of each component. Eigen-Class Activation Maps visualizations indicate consistency between the model-attended electrodes and known neurophysiological scalp patterns, supporting both the model's generalization mechanism and its biological interpretability. CONCLUSIONS: MVCLDG offers an effective strategy for integrating phase-aware multi-view feature mining with contrastive domain generalization, yielding improved and interpretable cross-subject ERP recognition. The method advances the feasibility of ERP-based closed-loop BCIs that generalize across users.