Sustainable synthesis of metal nanoparticles: Methods and emerging opportunities

Green chemistry-based biological synthesis methods of Nanoparticles (NPs) are rapidly emerging as sustainable eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical and physical approaches. These strategies utilize biological resources such as plants, microbes, and biomolecules to reduce using toxic chemicals while achieving efficient and cost-effective synthesis. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advancements up to 2025, with a focus on innovations in synthesis methodologies and the expanding multi-disciplinary applications of green-synthesized NPs. Particular attention is given to the role of natural product mediated synthesis, solvent-free approaches, and environmentally benign solvents in advancing green nanotechnology. Furthermore, this article provides valuable insights for early-career researchers in nanomaterials, highlighting how natural ingredients can be effectively employed to design functional NPs. Overall, the review highlights the prospective of green synthesis to simultaneously drive scientific innovation and promote sustainability by reducing dependence on hazardous chemicals.