Predicting the effect of sports bra parameters on vertical breast movement using a finite element method

Purpose This study aims to predict the effects of different bra component materials on breast deformation during running using a finite element (FE) method. Breast deformation represents a significant concern for women during physical exercise, as it can lead to discomfort and potential injury. The use of sports bras effectively reduces breast displacement and provides protection. In most experimental studies, reproducibility is frequently compromised by external environmental conditions and individual subject differences. The FE analysis method offers substantial advantages by significantly shortening research duration, reducing experimental costs and ensuring high reproducibility. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) scanning technique was employed to acquire a breast model from a manikin. Reverse engineering and computer-aided design software were utilized to construct assembly models for FE analysis. Pre-processing, solving and post-processing were conducted within FE simulation software to obtain breast deformation outcomes. Shoulder straps, cups and underbands fabricated from different materials were simulated to evaluate the influence of component materials on breast deformation. Findings The root mean square error of the calculations was less than 1, indicating that the FE calculation results for all models exhibited good agreement with experimental data. Different component materials demonstrated distinct effects on breast deformation. Specifically, the cup material with the highest elastic modulus, the shoulder strap material with the highest elastic modulus and the underband composed of polyester material significantly reduced breast displacement. Originality/value This study establishes a methodological framework for predicting deformation at various positions on the breast surface, thereby facilitating the effective design of sports bras.