Development of a mathematical framework for control and energy management in power split hybrid electric vehicles

This study presents the modeling, control, and performance evaluation of a newly developed single-mode power split drive (PSD) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The model integrates key components including an internal combustion engine (ICE), motor/generator units, battery, DC-DC converter, and planetary gear-based PSD using MATLAB/Simulink. An intelligent stateflow-based control logic governs mode selection across start, cruise, acceleration, and braking phases. The system is evaluated under an urban driving cycle to validate speed tracking, energy flow, and charge management. Simulation results show accurate tracking of the drive cycle profile, with effective transitions between electric, hybrid, and regenerative braking modes. State of Charge (SOC) is effectively maintained between 96.5% and 100%, validating the robustness of the energy management strategy. The engine, motor, and generator exhibit coordinated ON/OFF behavior based on real-time torque and SOC demands. The PSD enables dynamic torque distribution, ensuring fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. This research demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed power split strategy in practical HEV applications and provides a foundation for future hardware implementation and optimization.