Reassessing the cluster approach to knowledge-Based Urban Development

Knowledge-based urban development (KBUD) addresses urban sustainability in the knowledge era, focusing on fostering trust and stakeholder participation to create knowledge cities. This study critically evaluates the cluster approach, which assumes geographic proximity of knowledge-intensive activities enhances collaboration and knowledge exchange, using Isfahan (Iran) as a case study. Employing social network analysis and the QAP index, findings reveal that increased stakeholder communication does not necessarily improve trust or collaboration, challenging assumptions about specialised spaces like science parks. Instead, the study underscores the value of informal and public urban spaces for knowledge creation, advocating a broader view of urban knowledge.