Optimized reduced graphene oxide-tio2 nanocomposite with co-sensitization strategy: enhancing dye-sensitized solar cell performance through advanced interfacial engineering and charge transport optimization

This study reports a systematic optimization of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified TiO2 photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), addressing a critical limitation in which device efficiencies had remained below 0.15 percent. Through a comprehensive parametric investigation of rGO loading concentration (0.5 to 10 mg/mL), synthesis temperature (200 to 400 degrees Celsius), and a co-sensitization strategy combining the natural dye Delonix regia with the N719 ruthenium complex,