Predictors of waste separation behavior among housewives based on the BASNEF model

Household waste management is a critical environmental concern, with housewives playing a central role in waste separation. This study examines the psychological and social determinants of waste-separation behavior among housewives in Shoushtar City, Iran, using the BASNEF (Beliefs, Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Enabling Factors) model. In this 2023–2024 cross-sectional study, 252 housewives (home managers) in Shoushtar, Iran, were selected by stratified random sampling. A BASNEF-based questionnaire assessed beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms, enabling factors, and behavioral intention, with acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.76–0.88). Data were analyzed using SPSS 28 and AMOS 24 with correlation, regression, and structural equation modeling. Behavioral intention was the strongest predictor of waste separation behavior (β = 0.435, p < 0.001). Subjective norms were positively correlated with behavior (r = 0.471, p < 0.001) and exerted a significant indirect effect on behavior through behavioral intention. Attitudes (r = 0.315) and enabling factors (r = 0.294) were positively correlated with behavior but had no significant direct effect. The SEM model showed a good fit (χ 2 /df = 0.597, CFI = 0.996, RMSEA = 0.032) and explained 35% of the variance. Interventions to promote household waste separation should focus on strengthening behavioral intentions and leveraging social norms. Practical measures could include educational workshops for housewives, awareness campaigns, and providing easy access to recycling facilities. Enhancing positive attitudes and offering enabling resources may further support sustainable waste management practices at the household level.