Anticariogenic Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Basella alba Leaf Extract against Major Cariogenic Pathogens: An In Vitro Evaluation Study

Aim: To evaluate the anticariogenic activity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) synthesized using Basella alba leaf extract against pathogens responsible for dental caries.Materials and methods: B. alba leaves were processed to extract their active compounds, which were then used to synthesize SeNPs by combining with sodium selenate solution.The anticariogenic efficacy of the biogenesis of B. alba mediated SeNPs 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL was tested using the agar well diffusion method and time kill curve assay against pathogens, such as Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus sp., and Staphylococcus aureus.The data was analyzed in statically at two-way ANOVA analysis.Results: The successful synthesis of green synthesis of SeNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, showing a characteristic maximum absorbance peak at 240 nm.The green-synthesized SeNPs (25, 50, and 100 µg/mL) showed excellent anticariogenic activity against cariogenic pathogens, especially C. albicans in 18 mm and 30 mm.Lactobacillus sp.showed the inhibitory zone in the least concentration (25 µg/mL) as 15 mm and higher concentration (100 µg/mL) 17 mm. Conclusion:The green-synthesized SeNPs derived from B. alba leaf extract demonstrated significant, concentration-dependent anticariogenic activity against major cariogenic pathogens.Clinical significance: Dental caries remains a prevalent global health problem, and the increasing resistance and adverse effects associated with conventional antimicrobial agents necessitate the development of safer, more sustainable alternatives.The SeNPs prepared using B. alba leaf extract can be considered a potential antimicrobial agent against oral pathogens, reducing important oral infections such as C. albicans and preventing biofilm formation.Their antimicrobial and antioxidant effects indicate their possible application in dental formulations (coatings, gels, and mouthwashes) to improve oral health and stop early caries development.