BRD9 Degraders Unleash GBAF Chromatin Remodeling Activity in Synovial Sarcoma
Synovial sarcoma (SyS) incorporates the SS18::SSX fusion oncoprotein into GLTSCR1-containing BRG1/BRM and associated factors (GBAF) complexes, which confers a dependency on the GBAF subunit BRD9. However, SyS clinical trials with multiple BRD9 degraders failed to achieve clinically impactful remissions. Here, we identified a mechanistic framework to explain these results. BRD9 depletion served to blunt proliferation in SyS harboring minimal genomic alterations, rare in trial participants. In cultured cells, xenografts, and recombinant purified complexes, BRD9 loss did not impact GBAF assembly. Although BRD9 degradation in SyS reduced GBAF enrichment at target loci, BRD9-less complexes maintained or increased chromatin accessibility and associated gene transcription. Biochemical assays with purified recombinant GBAF demonstrated increased nucleosome sliding in the absence of BRD9. Together, these findings show that BRD9 restrains GBAF activity, with BRD9 degradation increasing enzymatic remodeling and target gene expression by fusion oncoprotein-distributed GBAFs in SyS. This subtle epigenetic disturbance creates a low hurdle for SyS to surpass, limiting the therapeutic efficacy of BRD9 degraders.
Authors
- Giorgio Giacomo Galli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-060X)
- Ensar Halilovic (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6017-4094)
- Nathalie Carte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-5456)
- Thomas Zöller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-1692)
- Sarah McCollum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-8383)
- Bradley R. Cairns (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-8811)
- Katharine L. Diehl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9872-7501)
- Jeffrey T. Yap (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-2860)
- William C. Forrester (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-8204)
- Christine Stephan
- Sofia Gkountela
- Mary L. Nelson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3958-718X)
- Aneasha F. Whittaker-Tademy
- Kevin B. Jones (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-2157)
- Yixuan Guo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-1931)
- Cedric R. Clapier
- Hans Voshol (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2594-8127)
- Martin Hirst (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9136-9054)
- Katarzyna Modzelewska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2099-9435)
- David H. Lum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0159-8724)
- Gary Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8333-5222)
- Xiaobo Xia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-1611)
- Xiaoyang Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-0290)
- Jinxiu Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1446-1751)
- Xin Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0930-0750)
- Li Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-3126)
- Xinyi Ge
- Jason Thomas
- Honnappa Srinivas
- Faheem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2306-3050)
- Ewin R. Jones (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0351-9890)
- Edmund Harrington (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4619-5448)
- Iain Mulford (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9956-5582)
- Gregory Hollingworth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4282-260X)
- Tinya Abrams (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1636-1560)
Institutions
- Novartis (Switzerland) (CH)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Utah (US)
- Huntsman Cancer Institute (US)
- Novartis (China) (CN)
- Novartis Foundation (CH)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Cancer Research
- Published
- 2026-06-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-25-5405
- Primary Topic
- Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00