The -1-eigenspace of the coprime graph of integers: prime-cube modes and an exact multiplicity

Let Γ_N be the coprime graph on {1, …, N} (vertices i, j adjacent iff gcd(i, j) = 1). Sander and Sander (2009) determined its kernel, the 0-eigenspace: its dimension equals the number of non-squarefree integers up to N, which is (1 - 6/π²)N + O(√N), with a simple twin-difference basis. Banerjee (2025) began the study of the -1-eigenspace, proving mult(-1, Γ_N) ≥ π(N) - π(N/2) from a dominating true-twin clique, and posed the exact multiplicity as an open problem. This paper determines the -1-eigenspace. By complementation it is, away from the all-ones vector, the nullspace K of the conspiracy graph G_N (vertices i, j adjacent iff gcd(i, j) > 1). We prove that K is spanned, in every odd order ω, by alternating prime-cube modes. Hence mult(-1, Γ_N) = (π(N) - π(N/2)) + dim K, making Banerjee's bound an equality. The proof is a single induction over a closed family of thin multiplicative slabs; its engine is a one-cell eigenvector identity by which the kernel annihilates exactly its window-edge cells, so the elimination requires no input on the distribution of primes in short intervals, in any dimension. The structural result is unconditional; only the asymptotic size of dim K is governed by the Hardy–Littlewood k-tuple conjecture. The box-generation machinery is related to switching components in discrete tomography and to lattice bases for the no-three-way-interaction model of algebraic statistics; the new contributions are the reduction of the coprime graph's -1-eigenspace to this windowed, order-constrained problem, and the keystone identity that confines the switching to the prime window. Prepared with assistance from a large language model (Claude, Anthropic) for organisation and extensive symbolic and numerical verification; all statements, proofs, and their interpretation are the author's and were checked independently.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-06-26
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20933665
Primary Topic
Topological and Geometric Data Analysis
Type
preprint
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preprint

The -1-eigenspace of the coprime graph of integers: prime-cube modes and an exact multiplicity

Lee Rich
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Topological and Geometric Data Analysis
preprint

The -1-eigenspace of the coprime graph of integers: prime-cube modes and an exact multiplicity

Lee Rich
preprint en

Abstract

Let Γ_N be the coprime graph on {1, …, N} (vertices i, j adjacent iff gcd(i, j) = 1). Sander and Sander (2009) determined its kernel, the 0-eigenspace: its dimension equals the number of non-squarefree integers up to N, which is (1 - 6/π²)N + O(√N), with a simple twin-difference basis. Banerjee (2025) began the study of the -1-eigenspace, proving mult(-1, Γ_N) ≥ π(N) - π(N/2) from a dominating true-twin clique, and posed the exact multiplicity as an open problem. This paper determines the -1-eigenspace. By complementation it is, away from the all-ones vector, the nullspace K of the conspiracy graph G_N (vertices i, j adjacent iff gcd(i, j) > 1). We prove that K is spanned, in every odd order ω, by alternating prime-cube modes. Hence mult(-1, Γ_N) = (π(N) - π(N/2)) + dim K, making Banerjee's bound an equality. The proof is a single induction over a closed family of thin multiplicative slabs; its engine is a one-cell eigenvector identity by which the kernel annihilates exactly its window-edge cells, so the elimination requires no input on the distribution of primes in short intervals, in any dimension. The structural result is unconditional; only the asymptotic size of dim K is governed by the Hardy–Littlewood k-tuple conjecture. The box-generation machinery is related to switching components in discrete tomography and to lattice bases for the no-three-way-interaction model of algebraic statistics; the new contributions are the reduction of the coprime graph's -1-eigenspace to this windowed, order-constrained problem, and the keystone identity that confines the switching to the prime window. Prepared with assistance from a large language model (Claude, Anthropic) for organisation and extensive symbolic and numerical verification; all statements, proofs, and their interpretation are the author's and were checked independently.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Oldham Council (GB)
Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Topological and Geometric Data Analysis
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