Unveiling critical risk factors of the integration of digital and smart technologies in construction projects: a DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC based approach

Purpose This study aims to identify and evaluate the risks hindering the digital transformation of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry through the integration of digital and smart technologies (DSTs). It focuses on systematically uncovering risk factors and their characteristics to provide insights for effective risk management in DST integration. Design/methodology/approach Based on the technology-organization-environment framework, this study combined a comprehensive literature review with semi-structured interviews to identify 28 key risk factors associated with DST integration in construction projects. The hybrid DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC approach was employed to analyze these factors, classifying them into seven levels, three layers and four types, while identifying critical risk factors. Findings This study reveals that the identified risk factors form a hierarchical system with distinct characteristics. Critical factors such as lack of experience with DSTs and the existence of uncertain costs exert significant influence on DST integration. The classification results further clarify the interdependencies and structural relationships among the risks, providing a clear understanding of their roles in the integration process. Practical implications By revealing the critical risks and their structural relationships in DST integration, this study enables AEC industry stakeholders to develop targeted risk mitigation strategies. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing key factors such as technical inexperience and cost uncertainties, offering practical guidance for improving the success rate of DST integration. Originality/value This study contributes to the existing literature by systematically exploring the risks specific to DST integration in the AEC industry, filling the gap in research on integrated technology risks. The application of the hybrid DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC approach provides a nuanced and multi-dimensional analysis of risk factors, enhancing the theoretical understanding of DST integration risks.