Viral borders, system shocks, and the limits of territorial thinking

This commentary extends Liu and Bennett's account of COVID-19 bordering by arguing that supply chains functioned as bordering infrastructures in their own right, not merely as objects of state action. Drawing on system dynamics and post-pandemic evidence, it highlights the recursive logic of supply chain disruption, the limits of territorial frameworks, and the uneven geographies of access that pandemic governance both revealed and deepened.