Characteristic Flexible Reconstruction Theory: Intrinsic Resource Utilization and Customized Preparation System of Microalgae Bio-crude

Abstract To address the major industrial bottlenecks of microalgae biorefining replicating the petrochemical paradigm, underutilization of intrinsic heteroatom resources, and unfavorable industrial economics, this study presents the Characteristic Flexible Reconstruction Theory (CFRT) and develops a comprehensive closed-loop green refining framework. This study introduces the innovative microalgae heteroatom rare earth-like resource utilization paradigm, which challenges the conventional single fuel development and petrochemical benchmarking evaluation system, and establishes a differentiated profit model featuring bulk fuel as the bottom line and high-value fine products as value-added. Through the development of a terminal demand reverse proportioning mechanism and a three-stage gradient mild upgrading process, a two-way balance between oil detoxification and active functional group retention is achieved. This framework leverages the premium revenues from fine chemical products to offset the cost differential of fuel production, and long-term biofuel production costs can undercut fossil energy alternatives, offering a novel theoretical framework for customizable and scalable production of microalgae crude oil.