Retrospective analysis of tuberculosis treatment success rates in selected regions of Ghana from 2020 to 2024

Background Globally, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of death and a significant public health challenge, including in Ghana. Despite the availability of several interventions, many TB cases remain undiagnosed, potentially fueling ongoing transmission and contributing to treatment failure. General objective The primary aim of this study was to assess the trend in tuberculosis treatment success rates in Ghana and their associated factors. Methods This study was a retrospective register-based study using routinely collected TB program data from health facilities in the Oti Region and selected districts of the Ashanti Region of Ghana between 2020 and 2024. All registered TB patients during the study period (n = 3065) were included. Data were extracted from TB registers, entered Microsoft Excel, and analysed using Stata version 17. Descriptive statistics, trend analysis, and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to examine TB treatment outcomes and factors associated with successful treatment. Results Treatment success rates increased over the study period, from 48.4% to 96.1% in the Ashanti Region and from 40.6% to 95.0% in the Oti Region. Overall, considering all patients registered between 2020 and 2024, the cumulative treatment success rate was 80.4%. Unsuccessful treatment outcomes declined in both regions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that patients diagnosed with extra-pulmonary TB had nearly two times higher odds of successful treatment compared to those with pulmonary bacteriologically confirmed TB (aOR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.42–2.68, p < 0.001). Additionally, patients with a history of prior TB treatment had 78% higher odds of successful treatment outcomes compared to those without prior TB treatment (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.30–2.45, p < 0.001). Conclusion The study observed upward trends in TB treatment success in the Oti and Ashanti Regions between 2020 and 2024, indicating improvements in treatment outcomes over time and identifying areas for continued monitoring and programmatic support.