Garment dyeing: Mechanisms, process variables and advances in coloration technology

Abstract Garment dyeing is becoming one of the most significant coloration processes due to its advantages, such as versatility, ability to fulfil the fashion needs swiftly and lower inventories. This review focuses on current issues in the coloration technology, processes and recent developments of garment dyeing, with special attention paid to reactive dyeing, over‐dyeing, pigment coloration, tie‐dyeing and garment tinting. The main findings suggest that reactive dyeing is still one of the leading methods in dyeing cellulosic garments, although it is highly sensitive to pH, electrolytes and temperature. The pigment coloration method offers great substrate flexibility. On the other hand, over‐dyeing proves effective in adjusting shades and covering up faults. Tie‐dyeing and tinting prove effective for creating variations in aesthetic appeal, using variability in the processes involved. From a review of the available studies, it becomes apparent that recipe optimisation is a crucial factor while ensuring consistency in shade production. However, slight variations in recipe can cause defects like uneven dyeing, shading and variation in shades produced. Future research should emphasise recipe optimisation by using artificial intelligence, sustainable dyeing methods and process monitoring in garment dyeing technology.