The Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Oral Health: A Narrative Review

Background/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with numerous oral manifestations that may negatively affect quality of life, nutrition, and overall health. This narrative review aimed to summarize current evidence regarding oral manifestations of CKD and kidney transplantation, examine their proposed underlying mechanisms, and discuss implications for dental management. Methods: A structured literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted for English-language publications from January 2000 to March 2026. Original studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, and relevant narrative reviews were included. Additional references were identified through manual screening of bibliographies. Results: Oral manifestations associated with CKD include xerostomia, periodontal disease, oral infections, anemia-related mucosal pallor, developmental enamel defects, and medication-related gingival overgrowth. Kidney transplant recipients are additionally at risk of opportunistic infections and oral malignancies related to long-term immunosuppressive therapy. While oral diseases, particularly periodontal disease and oral infections, may contribute to systemic inflammation, much of the available evidence remains observational. Similarly, many recommendations for dental management are based on expert consensus and clinical experience rather than high-quality interventional studies. Conclusions: Oral complications are common throughout the CKD continuum and warrant regular assessment and preventive care. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential, while further prospective studies are needed to strengthen the evidence base for clinical management.