Electrospun graphene oxide-based nanofibers for adsorption of organic dyes from aqueous solution

Electrospun graphene oxide (GO)-based nanofibers have emerged as promising materials for wastewater remediation due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, mechanical flexibility, and exceptional adsorption capability. This review highlights recent advances in the development of electrospun GO composite nanofibers for the efficient removal of organic dyes from contaminated water, with particular emphasis on their structural design, adsorption performance, and environmental significance. Unlike conventional reviews, this work critically correlates electrospinning parameters, fiber morphology, pore architecture, and GO dispersion with adsorption efficiency and stability. The review further discusses the synergistic integration of GO with polymers and metal oxides to fabricate multifunctional nanofibrous adsorbents possessing enhanced tensile strength, reusability, and selective dye uptake. Special attention is given to the underlying adsorption mechanisms, including electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and surface complexation, which govern dye removal behaviour. Additionally, the challenges associated with large-scale production, regeneration, long-term stability, and environmental safety are systematically addressed. By providing a comprehensive understanding of structure–performance relationships and future research directions, this review offers valuable insights for designing next-generation electrospun GO-based nanomaterials for sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment applications.