In pursuit of saccade awareness: Limited volitional control and minimal conscious access to catch-up saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements

Observers use smooth pursuit to track moving objects-like koi carp gliding through a pond. When positional errors accumulate, rapid catch-up saccades correct for them. Despite their abruptness, these saccades usually go unnoticed, creating the seamless experience of smooth tracking. We conducted three experiments to examine awareness and control of catch-up saccades (Experiment 1), the effect of training (Experiment 2), and of movement intention (Experiment 3). All experiments followed a similar protocol. On each trial, a target moved horizontally at one of three constant speeds (3-12 dva/s). Two horizontal stimulus bands with vertically oriented gratings appeared above and below the trajectory. These bands were rendered invisible during pursuit by rapid phase shifts (>60 Hz), but became visible when briefly stabilized on the retina-either by a catch-up saccade or its replayed retinal consequence-providing immediate, saccade-contingent visual feedback. Observers reported whether they had seen the stimulus bands (visual sensitivity) and whether they were aware of making a catch-up saccade (saccade sensitivity). Visual sensitivity was consistently higher in trials with a catch-up saccade, confirming that these movements reduce retinal motion and enhance visibility. Higher target speeds increased saccade rate, but observers struggled to control them volitionally: Visual feedback and training had no effect on the ability to control catch-up saccades. Only suppression-instructions yielded a small reduction. Saccade sensitivity was near zero, even in trials with saccade-contingent feedback. Neither training nor intention improved awareness. Together, our data suggest a limited ability to control and a low level of awareness of catch-up saccades during pursuit.