Incident command competence in UK fire and rescue services: characterising patterns to guide training and development

Purpose This study investigates patterns of strengths and weaknesses in incident command performance across UK Fire and Rescue Services (FRS) and explores how these insights can support the development of evidence-informed training and development strategies. Design/methodology/approach Assessment data from 43 UK FRSs were analysed, incorporating formal exercises, real-incident monitoring and structured training events across four command levels (ICL1–ICL4). Using behavioural markers from the Effective Command framework, the study examined competence profiles and recurring performance themes. Findings Strengths were consistently observed in early situational information gathering, while deficits in anticipation, communication and risk assessment were common, particularly among less experienced commanders. Novice officers tended to rely on procedural checklists, whereas experienced commanders demonstrated more intuitive, adaptive decision-making. These patterns indicate the need for differentiated, level-specific training interventions. Practical implications Findings show how documented assessment data can strengthen both individual development plans and organisational strategies for enhancing and sustaining command competence. Originality/value The study provides empirical evidence on variations in incident command competence and demonstrates how structured assessment data can be used to inform organisational learning and guide training priorities in emergency services.