Use of 3D printed coracoid models for preoperative planning in the Latarjet procedure: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: The Latarjet procedure is effective for treating recurrent anterior shoulder instability, but graft-related complications may occur. Accurate preoperative planning is essential to minimize these complications. Three-dimensional (3D) printed models may support surgical planning; however, their role in Latarjet surgery remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether coracoid dimensions measured on 3D-printed models differ from intraoperative measurements and whether their use influences surgical decision-making. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 25 patients underwent computed tomography based 3D printing of the scapula. Coracoid length, width, and thickness were measured on the 3D-printed models and compared with intraoperative pre- and post-osteotomy measurements using precision calipers. Surgeons also subjectively rated the usefulness of the 3D models for surgical planning. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in coracoid thickness among the three measurement time points (p = 0.6956). Significant differences were found for coracoid length (p = 0.0005) and width (p = 0.02) between the 3D model and pre-osteotomy measurements, while no differences were observed between pre- and post-osteotomy measurements. The models were rated as "very helpful" in 28% of cases, "somewhat helpful" in 52%, and "not helpful" in 20%. In three cases, preoperative planning with the 3D model resulted in a change in fixation strategy. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional printed coracoid models provide reliable estimation of coracoid thickness and may assist in preoperative planning in selected Latarjet procedures, particularly when graft adequacy or fixation strategy is uncertain. Although statistically significant differences in length and width were observed, the models were considered helpful in most cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.