Shoulder problems in endoscopic spine surgeons: Prevalence, underreporting, and technical tips for minimization

Abstract Endoscopic spine surgery has transformed the landscape of minimally invasive spinal care, delivering significant benefits such as reduced tissue disruption, shorter hospital stays, and faster patient recovery. Despite these clinical advantages, the procedure imposes substantial ergonomic challenges on surgeons, particularly affecting the shoulder region due to sustained awkward postures and repetitive movements. Emerging evidence suggests that shoulder-related musculoskeletal disorders are common among endoscopic spine surgeons, yet they remain underrecognized and underreported within the surgical community. This review critically examines the prevalence of shoulder problems in this specialized group, explores the factors contributing to their underreporting, and proposes practical technical and ergonomic strategies aimed at minimizing these occupational hazards and promoting surgeon longevity.