Transforming remanufacturing automation with large language models: A forward-looking analysis with case studies

With growing concerns about resource scarcity and environmental degradation, remanufacturing of end-of-life (EoL) products within the circular economy is attracting increasing attention. Remanufacturing can preserve most of the original manufacturing value and materials while transforming EoL products into like-new condition. However, the variability and uncertainty of EoL products make remanufacturing highly dependent on human expertise. Although recent advances in robotics and artificial intelligence have improved automation in isolated remanufacturing tasks, existing methods are often task-specific and struggle to generalize to heterogeneous EoL conditions. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in learning from massive, unstructured datasets, generating expert-level output across various tasks, and communicating with humans in natural language for interpretation. These advantages can align closely with the complex demands of remanufacturing, thereby mitigating the reliance on specialized expertise. However, their roles and research progress in this domain remain underexplored. In this paper, we present a forward-looking review and analysis of the role of LLMs in remanufacturing automation, grounded in a brief critical review of existing LLM-related studies relevant to remanufacturing. Building on this foundation, we introduce ReManGPT as a conceptual framework and use three representative case studies to illustrate selected modules of the framework in practical remanufacturing scenarios. We also analyze three representative remanufacturing applications, electric vehicle batteries, electronic waste, and electric motors, to illustrate how the proposed framework could address their domain-specific challenges. Finally, we discuss the current barriers to deploying this framework in practice and outline future research directions, including LLM-assisted human operation and language–action models for robotic automation.