Analysis of Myelodysplastic Neoplasia: Epidemiological and Biological Characteristics Based on 20 Clinical Cases and a Literature Review

Myelodysplastic neoplasia (MDS) is a hematological malignancy characterized by inefficient hematopoiesis, responsible for quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of the three myeloid cell lineages, classically revealed by peripheral cytopenias and an increased risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The diagnosis of these conditions is sometimes difficult, complex, and time-consuming, potentially requiring multiple examinations, relying primarily on complete blood count (CBC) data and the results of semi-quantitative and qualitative analysis of the bone marrow aspirate. Our objective through this study is to determine the epidemiological and biological profile of MDS. We included 20 patients presenting with MDS diagnosed on CBC and bone marrow aspirate analysis. Within our population, male predominance was observed, with a mean age of 61 years. Biologically, the CBC demonstrated the presence of anemia in 83.33% of cases with a mean hemoglobin concentration of 7.92 g/dl. Furthermore, thrombocytopenia was detected in 55.55%, while neutropenia was observed in only 44.44% of patients. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) 2022 classification, the entity of MDS with few blasts and multilineage dysplasia (MDS-LB-MLD) was the most frequently detected in our study (35%). According to cytogenetic analysis results, a single case of 5q- syndrome and one case of chromosome 7q deletion were identified among the 13 studies performed on all patients. Recently, MDS has attracted increased attention, particularly regarding diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic criteria.