Thermal Resilience of Residential Buildings Under Climatic Extremes and Power Outages: An Integrated Review of Metrics, Passive Mechanisms, Energy Systems, and Design Frameworks

This paper examines building performance under extreme conditions by treating thermal resilience as a process-based and time-dependent property. Existing approaches remain fragmented: resentation, extreme event definition, resilience metrics, passive strategies, and energy systems are typically handled in isolation, leaving current methods with limited capacity to explain how buildings respond to prolonged disruptions such as heatwaves or power outages. The study offers a cross-domain synthesis of thermal resilience research, drawing together climate modelling, indoor thermal response, resilience metrics, passive design strategies, distributed energy systems, and regulatory constraints. Building on this synthesis, a trajectory-based framework is developed that links climate inputs, event definition, indoor thermal response, and performance metrics within a unified structure. This integration is extended into architectural design through a decision-oriented framework that interprets resilience as the outcome of a hierarchy of decisions structured by reversibility and operational dependence. Early design decisions define the constraints and the range of achievable performance within which subsequent optimisation occurs. Building performance emerges from the interaction of passive strategies and energy-supported systems under constrained conditions. The results establish that thermal resilience cannot be inferred from conventional indicators; it must be understood through the temporal evolution of indoor conditions. The proposed framework provides a consistent basis for linking resilience assessment with design decision-making, supporting a unified approach to resilience-oriented design.