Sweat-Based Wearable Electronic Devices for Health Monitoring: Materials, Devices, and Applications

Wearable sweat sensors represent a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive health care. However, translating these prototypes from the laboratory to reliable clinical tools is difficult. The progress in key areas like materials science, sensing mechanisms, and system integration is still fragmented. This review establishes a systematic framework to address the interdependent challenges in sweat stimulation, sampling, and real-time signal processing. It further delineates their transformative potential across diverse scenarios, from sports science to personalized health monitoring and clinical diagnostics. Crucially, we identify and analyze a key stability-reliability paradox inherent to the dynamic biological interface. Finally, we propose a development roadmap toward intelligent, autonomous, and clinically validated systems. This work aims to bridge the gap between proof-of-concept demonstrations and deployable technologies, offering a foundational design paradigm for the next generation of noninvasive health monitoring.