Brain OS Security Architecture (BOSA): A Three-Layer Framework for Neural Threat Modeling and Defense in the BCI Era

Abstract As brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies advance toward real-time neural interaction, the security of the human neural system emerges as a critical and largely unaddressed concern. This paper introduces the Brain OS Security Architecture (BOSA), a conceptual framework that maps biological neural substrates onto computational analogies — specifically, a three-layer hierarchy analogous to BIOS, Kernel, and Application layers in operating systems. Layer 01 (BIOS Layer) corresponds to calcium dynamics governing long-term plasticity and metabolic priors. Layer 02 (Kernel Layer) maps to oscillatory frequency synchronization (gamma/alpha/theta), regulating attention gating and global cognitive state. Layer 03 (Application Layer) represents spike-firing patterns underlying cognition and behavioral output. Within this framework, we identify distinct forgery surfaces and threat vectors at each layer, including intent manipulation, cognitive state hijacking, and permanent biological hardcoding via BIOS-level rewrites. We further propose a defense framework based on Neural Clock Rights (NCR) and Neural BIOS Integrity (NBI) compliance as foundational principles for neurorights in the BCI era. This model aims to bridge neuroscience, cybersecurity, and neuroethics, offering a structured vocabulary for future policy and technical standards.