Numerical Investigation of Inverted Airfoils in Ground Effect for Motorsport Applications

<div>Ground effect plays a critical role in enhancing the aerodynamic performance of race cars by increasing downforce without a proportional rise in drag. Despite its importance, the influence of airfoil geometry on inverted airfoils operating in ground proximity remains underexplored in open literature. This study addresses this gap through a detailed numerical investigation of chord-dominated ground effect using two-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. A range of NACA four-digit airfoils is systematically analyzed to isolate the effects of camber, thickness, and camber location on aerodynamic performance in ground proximity. Results show that increased camber enhances downforce and efficiency both in and out of ground effect; thinner airfoils yield higher downforce and efficiency in ground effect; and forward camber locations outperform rearward ones in maximizing downforce contrary to out-of-ground-effect trends. Detailed pressure distribution and flow separation analyses explain the underlying mechanisms, offering actionable guidelines for optimizing ground effect airfoil design in motorsport.</div>