Progress in Achieving LDL Cholesterol Target Levels in a High-Risk Patient Population in Slovakia

Background/Objectives: The management of dyslipidaemia in Slovakia has undergone significant changes in recent years, particularly through the relaxation of prescription restrictions for existing medications and the introduction of new innovative molecules. Achieving target levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a key role in preventing the onset and progression of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular (CV) diseases. The aim of this study was to analyse how these changes have affected the effectiveness of reaching target LDL-C levels in patients at very high CV risk. Methods: This project was conducted as a retrospective analysis of anonymised LDL-C values from 2020 to 2023 using data from a collaborating nationwide laboratory. Patients included were those diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke, and, more generally, those with high and very high CV risk. Target LDL-C values were assessed based on the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines. Results: A total of 363,020 LDL-C test records from 115,950 patients were evaluated over the four-year study period. Among patients diagnosed with ACS, 2.2–5% achieved target LDL-C levels in the respective years of observation 2020–2023. As many as 6.5–7.4% had LDL-C levels ≥ 4.9 mmol/L. For patients with stroke, only 4–6.6% reached target LDL-C levels, while 5.6–6.7% had levels ≥ 4.9 mmol/L. In the group with very high CV risk, only 1.7–3% achieved target levels, and 7.5–8.7% had extremely high LDL-C levels ≥ 4.9 mmol/L. Despite these modest improvements, over 93.4% of patients in the highest-performing subgroup failed to reach the absolute guideline target threshold in 2023. Conclusions: While the lifting of prescription constraints and the introduction of innovative treatments correlates with a doubling of absolute target attainment and a contraction of extreme hypercholesterolemia, overall control remains critically low in Slovakia. Systematic, protocol-driven combination regimens and intensive follow-up are urgently needed.