Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome in women: a hormonal stage–informed precision approach

Abstract Women experience a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) disease, with higher mortality and greater life-years lost than men. Despite this, sex-specific evidence guiding CKM risk assessment and management remains limited. Female-specific factors, including pregnancy complications, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hormonal transitions, and menopause are inconsistently integrated into care, while women remain underrepresented in trials. This review highlights sex-based CKM differences and priorities for equitable, life-course–informed prevention and management in women.