The role of Mediterranean diet adherence, smoking and their interactions in epigenetic age acceleration: A cross-sectional analysis of the Airwave cohort

ABSTRACT Background Epigenetic clocks are markers of biological aging that may vary in their sensitivity to environmental stressors and lifestyle modifiers. To evaluate the utility of these biomarkers as sensors of the human exposome, we investigated how they respond to two powerful and opposing exposures: smoking, a source of oxidative stress, and the antioxidant-rich Mediterranean diet. Objectives We assessed the sensitivity of eleven epigenetic clocks to diet and smoking and evaluated whether Mediterranean diet adherence modifies associations between smoking and epigenetic aging. Methods We analysed 928 participants (mean age 41 years, 59% male) from the Airwave Health Monitoring Study. Linear regression models assessed associations between Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), alongside smoking status and blood cotinine. Interaction terms between smoking status and MDS were included to detect dietary attenuation of smoking-related EAA. Models were adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and psychological covariates. Results Higher MDS was associated with lower EAA for GrimAge (β = −0.07 SD; 95% CI: −0.13, −0.01) and Bernabeu (β = −0.08 SD; 95% CI: −0.14, −0.02) after false discovery rate correction. Smoking was strongly associated with increased EAA, particularly for GrimAge, Bernabeu, and DunedinPACE. Among current smokers, effect sizes were greater in those with lower dietary adherence (e.g. GrimAge: 1.79 SD, 95% CI: 1.54, 2.04) compared with those with higher adherence (1.35 SD, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.68; P_ interaction < 0.001). Similar attenuation patterns were observed for Bernabeu. Higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contributed most to the attenuation of smoking-related EAA. Conclusions Our findings indicate that certain epigenetic clocks effectively capture the tension between harmful and protective exposures within the exposome. Rather than suggesting that diet neutralises the risks of tobacco, these results demonstrate that specific clocks are sensitive enough to monitor how lifestyle factors modify molecular responses to environmental toxins. This highlights the value of second-generation clocks in quantifying biological resilience.