A systematic review on the benefits, challenges, and applications of blockchain technology for e-learning

The integration of blockchain technology into e-learning ecosystems offers a foundational shift toward secure, transparent, and decentralized educational architectures. Despite this potential, current literature reviews frequently remain descriptive, lacking the depth of systematic comparative analysis. To bridge this gap, this study conducts a rigorous critical survey of blockchain-based e-learning research published from 2018 through 2025. Following PRISMA protocols, we evaluate the literature using a novel multi-dimensional analytical framework that simultaneously cross-examines four interdependent evaluation axes: (1) blockchain architectural design (public vs. permissioned), (2) consensus mechanism suitability for educational throughput, (3) privacy-preservation technique alignment (e.g., Zero-Knowledge Proofs, off-chain storage), and (4) regulatory compliance posture (GDPR/FERPA). This combinatorial lens, applied specifically to e-learning systems, distinguishes our framework from prior single-criterion evaluations. We qualitatively compare and critically evaluate educational blockchain applications against conventional centralized learning management systems, employing a structured multi-criteria analytical framework. Furthermore, our filtering process yielded 56 eligible studies, from which 22 pivotal works were selected for in-depth analysis to suggest an original taxonomy. Our analysis identifies enduring obstacles like interoperability, governance, and regulatory compliance (such as GDPR/FERPA) while highlighting a strategic shift toward permissioned networks and hybrid storage models. In conclusion, this work advances the conversation beyond simple introductory talks by providing practical design approaches for the upcoming blockchain-enabled learning environments.